Wound Cleansing
As a general rule, routine cleansing of wounds to remove bacteria or to reduce infection is unlikely to be effective (Miller and Gilchrist 1997). Wound cleansing may be advocated to remove contaminants in the following instances:
• To remove visible debris after a wound has occurred to aid assessment
• To remove excess slough and exudate
• To remove any remaining dressing material
• Prior to obtaining a microbiology swab Frequent washing of wounds is unnecessary and undesirable.
Cleansing Solutions In the past wounds were cleansed with antibacterial solutions. Studies comparing the effectiveness of antibacterial solutions to tap water, normal sodium chloride 0.9% and distilled water have found no difference in lowering bacterial count and no increased incidents of infection (Dire & Welsh 1990; Rodeheaver et al. 1982)
Antiseptic solutions have been reported to cause tissue damage and hinder the healing process and are unlikely to be effective (Hellewell et al. 1997). One study found the infection rate lowest in wounds cleansed with tap water. Tap water is more common as a cleansing agent in clinical settings (particularly community). It is cost-efficient, copious and accessible and is the recommended wound cleansing solution of choice. Routine use of sterile sodium chloride 0.9% results in a significant waste of resources. Sterile sodium chloride 0.9%, which is an isotonic solution, does not impede the healing process, cause allergic reactions or alter the bacterial flora of the skin. It should be used in the following situations, where tap water is not recommended:
• On exposed bone or tendon
• On skin or bypass graft
• For severely immunosuppressed patients
Methods Of Cleansing Irrigation is the cleansing mechanism recommended for removal of contaminants. Scrubbing causes pain and local tissue oedema, which decreases host defences. Vigorous cleansing may however be necessary, in some instances, to remove grease and dirt from traumatic wounds which, if left in situ, can cause unsightly tattooing of the skin (Miller & Glover 1999).
Summary •
Does the wound need to be cleansed? If not, don’t do it.
• Always warm the irrigation fluid being used. Cooling the wound inhibits cell mitosis.
• Never use cotton wool or gauze swabs to clean wounds as they damage granulating tissue and shed fibres, which increase the risk of infection.
REFERENCES Dire, D.J. & Welsh, A.P. (1990) A comparison of wound irrigating solutions used in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19, 704-708. Hellewell, T.B., Major, D.A., Foresman, P.A., Rodeheaver, G.T. (1997) A cytotoxicity evaluation of antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial wound cleansers. Wounds 9, 15-20. Miller, M. & Gilchrist, B. (1997) Understanding Wound Cleaning and Infection. London: Macmillan. Miller, M. & Glover, D. (1999) Wound Management: theory and practice. London: Emap Healthcare Ltd. Rodeheaver, G., Bellamy, W., Kody, M. et al. (1982) Bactericidal activity and toxicity of iodine-containing solutions in wounds. Archives of Surgery 117, 181-186.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar